[Fast-Neutrons] Fast-Neutrons Digest, Vol 6, Issue 1
Alan Hewat
alan.hewat at neutronoptics.com
Mon Dec 16 16:49:32 CET 2019
I disagree with Eberhard :-) that my polymer Siemens star should not be
used with fast neutrons because it is complex and the resulting thermalised
neutrons are easier to detect. Hot neutron scintillators (PP/ZnS) are not
very sensitive to low energy neutrons. But ZnS is quite sensitive to x-rays
and gammas, which are produced in far greater quantities from a DD/DT
source. As Eberhard showed at Garching, the cross section for gammas and
fast neutrons is similar for many materials, so unless you are sure to
reduce the hard x-ray flux well below that of hot neutrons, your heavy
metal image may have an important gamma component. Gammas, unlike thermal
neutrons, are difficult to filter out, but a polymer Siemens star will be
transparent to them. Siemens stars are commonly used for thermal neutrons
and x-rays, and are not as complicated as real objects.
In fact, I suspect you should try to determine the resolution from your
real object, which will contain some edges that can be analyzed, but also
small features that can be used to estimate resolution. And use different
scintillators to try to separate different beam components.
Alan.
On Mon, 16 Dec 2019 at 11:51, Lehmann Eberhard (PSI) <
eberhard.lehmann at psi.ch> wrote:
> Dear all fast neutron imagers,
>
>
>
> as you might know, the blurring in fast neutron images
>
> are caused by at least three parameters:
>
>
>
> 1. beam collimation
>
> 2. inherent detector blurring, mainly by the scintillator
>
> 3. scattering of the sample, even a test pattern
>
>
>
> It is difficult to separate them with only one measurement.
>
>
>
> To exclude the beam effects, studies with test samples close
>
> to the detector might help. BUT: when the test pattern has to
>
> be thick enough (see below), some beam blurring cannot be
>
> avoided.
>
>
>
> The topic of test samples has been discussed by Michael, Alan
>
> and Robert in some details. I completely agree, NOT to have a
>
> complicated structure like Siemens stars, but edges of highly
>
> attenuating materials.
>
>
>
> As you can see in the attached slides (from my Garching presentation)
>
> there are some high Z materials with values around 0.5 cm-1.
>
> Because Os, Ir, Re are exotic and expensive, the best choice would be
>
> W. However, a 1 cm layer will attenuate only by 40%, 2 cm by 64%.
>
> There are no “black absorbers” like Gd, Cd or B-10 around for thermal
>
> neutrons.
>
>
>
> In conclusion, I agree with Robert to have well manufactured W
>
> edges of 1 to 2 cm thickness, well aligned in beam direction
>
> (by means of a holder structure).
>
> In order to make the resolution more visible, two parallel plates
>
> can be used while the gap can be set variable by a mechanical
>
> equipment.
>
> Such structure can be placed at arbitrary positions in the open beam
>
> to analyze the different beam collimation features.
>
>
>
> I would avoid samples of hydrogenous material because of possible
>
> moderation effects which bring neutrons to energies where the can be
>
> detected more efficiently.
>
>
>
> Any better/other idea is welcome for further consideration and testing.
>
>
>
> Best regards
>
>
>
> Eberhard
>
> __________________________________________
> Paul Scherrer Institut
> Dr. Eberhard H. Lehmann
> WBBA/122
> Forschungsstrasse 111
> 5232 Villigen PSI
> Schweiz
>
> Telefon: +41 56 310 29 63
> E-Mail: eberhard.lehmann at psi.ch
>
>
>
> *Von:* fast-neutrons-bounces at neutronsources.org <
> fast-neutrons-bounces at neutronsources.org> *Im Auftrag von *Michael Taylor
> *Gesendet:* Freitag, 13. Dezember 2019 20:22
> *An:* Alan Hewat <alan.hewat at neutronoptics.com>
> *Cc:* fast-neutrons at neutronsources.org; Elizabeth .Hewat <
> liz.hewat at gmail.com>
> *Betreff:* Re: [Fast-Neutrons] Fast-Neutrons Digest, Vol 6, Issue 1
>
>
>
> Alan, we have a decent plastics printer here at Phoenix but if there’s a
> reason that the seimans star template would not be good for doing this test
> I don’t wanna bother making the star. I think this work needs development
> between many different people to figure out a good solution for everybody
> to do it the same way between facilities and make it repeatable. I’d be
> very happy to start that conversation now so that we can get a good
> solution in place in the future.
>
> ——————————————————
>
> Michael Taylor Ph.D.
>
> Neutron Radiography Product Manager
>
> Phoenix LLC
>
> 2555 Industrial Drive
>
> Monona, WI 53713
>
> 608-210-3060 office
>
> 608-515-3214 mobile
>
>
>
> On Dec 13, 2019, at 12:59, Alan Hewat <alan.hewat at neutronoptics.com>
> wrote:
>
>
>
> Yes, Robert makes a lot of good points. I suppose the best you can say for
> a printed Siemens star is that it can provide a graphic representation of
> the resolution. The resolution limit that Robert mentions probably can't be
> obtained anyway with your hot neutron scintillator and collimation. You
> should be able to find a local company that will print a polymer star for
> you. You can even buy suitable printers on Amazon for a few hundred
> dollars. If you can't find a local supplier and really want one, we have
> such things. If you were local (EU), we could lend you one, but taxes and
> shipping back and forth to the US make that less attractive than simply
> buying it for €150. For a photo, see:
>
>
> http://neutronoptics.com/downloads/Manual-NeutronOptics-Hot-Neutron-Camera.pdf
> <https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=http%3a%2f%2fneutronoptics.com%2fdownloads%2fManual-NeutronOptics-Hot-Neutron-Camera.pdf&c=E,1,Ojm42aZ5NqLU8ppaotRi6f_VJGljg6LCVEA1oSACfKZzVssKLs7ZAFlJyzaL2dz2QNTrmtDLfYLI_siCgzaUr1UpOGXqM8sLC78VOVA9&typo=1>
>
>
>
> Regards Alan
>
> ______________________________________________________
> Dr Alan Hewat, NeutronOptics, Grenoble, FRANCE
> from my telephone
> <Alan.Hewat at NeutronOptics.com> +33.476.98.41.68
> http://www.NeutronOptics.com/hewat
> <https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=http%3a%2f%2fwww.NeutronOptics.com%2fhewat&c=E,1,HyVplmih2rSx7XCaGPqmFyBYlwJanQjd8wmcyx8hDDaHPkXDnkmNwcJtdUFIkEDetaiKV0SMyfnSzx5qhmQTvjE2ns0u3LUGpTVawIh2GKUKtA,,&typo=1>
> ______________________________________________________
>
>
>
> On Fri, 13 Dec 2019, 19:11 Michael Taylor, <Michael.Taylor at phoenixwi.com>
> wrote:
>
> Hi Robert,
>
>
>
> Thank you for the message, you point out lots of good information in
> there! I have our machinist working on a couple edges for simple flat and
> square pieces currently using steel and aluminum to start with. I had hoped
> a printed Siemens star would come out pretty nicely but perhaps after
> reading your description it wouldn’t be the best. Since we don’t have any
> standard methods to perform this measurement, anything is fair game, except
> for aligning to the pixel row as you mention, that’s just cheating! I am
> hopeful we, as a group, can come up with some standard ways to measure the
> resolution, L/D, etc, just like we have for ASTM thermal neutron imaging.
> Once I get some shots taken I will send out the data and see what the group
> thinks is a good way to process it.
>
>
>
> Best regards,
>
> Michael
>
>
>
> ——————————————————
>
> Michael Taylor Ph.D.
>
> Neutron Radiography Product Manager
>
> Phoenix LLC
>
> 2555 Industrial Drive
>
> Monona, WI 53713
>
> 608-210-3060 office
>
> 608-515-3214 mobile
>
>
>
> On Dec 13, 2019, at 06:25, Robert Adams <adams at lke.mavt.ethz.ch> wrote:
>
>
>
> Hello Michael,
>
>
>
> I can offer my thoughts on this topic, for whatever they are worth:
>
>
>
> To evaluate the resolution of your radiography system, I don't think a
> Siemens star makes much sense because it should be reasonably thick (unlike
> e.g. thermal neutrons or X-rays, where a very thin structure can be used
> and still obtain a decent attenuation), which means the center of the star
> will have some rounded edges depending on how it's manufactured... e.g. if
> you make a Siemens star out of some metal or plastic with waterjet,
> machining, wire erosion, etc., always the cut-out will have some curvature
> on the order of 0.5-1 mm at the inner "corner", on the same order as what I
> guess the system will achieve, so it will not give valuable information.
> One way around this might be cutting wedges individually, then placing them
> together, but then alignment is tricky. There might be ways around this to
> get something satisfactory, but in the end I don't see much value above a
> good old-fashioned edge measurement. A line pair structure is also a
> possibility, but like the wedge probably cannot be satisfactorily machined
> monolithically, and does not add a lot of value to an edge in this case in
> my opinion.
>
>
>
> For an edge, it should only be carefully machined to have properly
> parallel/perpendicular faces, but that's pretty easy. Just make sure the
> machinist doesn't break or chamfer the corners significantly. Machinable
> tungsten alloys are readily available and are a good choice for attenuating
> fast neutrons. Could do alu or steel as well to get some variety. Plastic
> is also fine but sometimes more annoying to get precise, clean edges and
> corners compared to metal. I think on the order of 1 cm or so is
> sufficiently thick to get an easily measured amount of attenuation in the
> image, without suffering too much from some kind of penumbra blur effect.
> To be sure that this penumbra is not affecting you, you can do several
> thicknesses (e.g. 5, 10, 20 mm) and check that they agree. The
> thickness-direction edge should of course be as parallel as possible with
> the beam, and it should be placed close to the detector surface if you want
> to characterize only the detector and minimize effects from the source
> emitting spot size. You can change the distance to be further away from the
> detector surface, and then the difference in result will indicate the
> effect of your source emitting spot or collimation or whatever. More
> effort, but to check the penumbra effect in more detail you can also put it
> on a little rotary stage and take a series of measurements from what you
> consider "edge aligned", and +/- few degrees in small steps, then compare
> results. If the system is pixelated, the edge should not run palallel to
> the pixel edge direction, as that can potentially make the measurement
> suggest a resolution better than it actually is, i.e. put it at 10 degrees
> from vertical or something like that.
>
>
> For processing you can get each grayscale value as a function of distance
> from the edge (defined by a manually selected line segment), for all pixels
> along some length of the edge (e.g. couple cm) and some distance away, then
> put that all together on one plot. Then make, for example, an error
> function fit to that data. Then take the derivative of that fit to get a
> line spread function, and from that the FWHM is an indication of
> resolution. Or, process the data a bit further and get an MTF. Or, of
> course, the edge data could be processed many other ways.
>
>
>
> If you want you can to send me image data and I can try apply some scripts
> I already have to it to give you an example of some of what I'm describing.
> I expect with some simple edge measurements you can get a robust idea of
> how your imaging system is performing.
>
>
>
> Best regards,
> Robert
>
>
>
>
> Robert Adams, Dr. sc.
> IET-LKE ML K19
>
> ETH Zürich
>
> Sonneggstrasse 3
>
> 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
> Office: +41 (0) 44 632 49 01
> Mobile: +41 (0) 78 611 39 39
>
>
>
>
>
> On Fri, Dec 13, 2019 at 12:01 PM <fast-neutrons-request at neutronsources.org>
> wrote:
>
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> Today's Topics:
>
> 1. Re: Congrats! Re: First fast neutron images at Phoenix
> (Michael Taylor)
>
>
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> Message: 1
> Date: Thu, 12 Dec 2019 20:49:30 +0000
> From: Michael Taylor <Michael.Taylor at phoenixwi.com>
> To: "Lehmann Eberhard (PSI)" <eberhard.lehmann at psi.ch>, Alan
> <alan.hewat at gmail.com>, "fast-neutrons at neutronsources.org"
> <fast-neutrons at neutronsources.org>
> Subject: Re: [Fast-Neutrons] Congrats! Re: First fast neutron images
> at Phoenix
> Message-ID:
> <
> SN6PR04MB4477696A12CFD23A4EC47D2892550 at SN6PR04MB4477.namprd04.prod.outlook.com
> >
>
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="windows-1252"
>
> Hello all,
>
> Does anyone already have a printed Siemens star they'd be willing to ship
> to me for testing? Has anyone come up with another method for measuring
> resolution for fast neutron imaging? We are otherwise going to image an
> edge on different pieces of material: Fe, W, Cu, Al, HDPE to see how they
> compare.
>
> Best regards,
> Michael
> ________________________________
> From: fast-neutrons-bounces at neutronsources.org <
> fast-neutrons-bounces at neutronsources.org> on behalf of Lehmann Eberhard
> (PSI) <eberhard.lehmann at psi.ch>
> Sent: Monday, November 18, 2019 4:52 AM
> To: Alan <alan.hewat at gmail.com>; fast-neutrons at neutronsources.org <
> fast-neutrons at neutronsources.org>
> Subject: Re: [Fast-Neutrons] Congrats! Re: First fast neutron images at
> Phoenix
>
>
> I disagree with Alan about the n-sensitive imaging plates: they are
>
> made by Fuji on a commercial base adding Gd to the X-ray sensitive
>
> material. Therefore the efficiency is not bad and much better than
>
> film methods ?
>
>
>
> Regards
>
>
>
> Eberhard
>
>
>
> __________________________________________
> Paul Scherrer Institut
> Dr. Eberhard H. Lehmann
> WBBA/122
> Forschungsstrasse 111
> 5232 Villigen PSI
> Schweiz
>
> Telefon: +41 56 310 29 63
> E-Mail: eberhard.lehmann at psi.ch
>
>
>
> Von: fast-neutrons-bounces at neutronsources.org <
> fast-neutrons-bounces at neutronsources.org> Im Auftrag von Alan
> Gesendet: Montag, 18. November 2019 10:43
> An: fast-neutrons at neutronsources.org
> Betreff: Re: [Fast-Neutrons] Congrats! Re: First fast neutron images at
> Phoenix
>
>
>
> Hello Michael, Burkhard and Eberhard.
>
>
>
> Thank you Michael for these nice images. I too am impressed by the
> resolution of your thermal images with an L/D of only 35, and agree that it
> would be good to take thermal images with a camera rather than a neutron
> image plate. The ordinary Fuji n-plates are just x-ray plates with extra
> 6LiF and I think only ~10% efficient. ~20 years ago Fuji made special
> n-plates for ILL that were ~25% efficient but they are no longer available
> (?). You should be able to reduce the exposure well below 20 minutes with a
> camera and a good 6LiF/ZnS thermal neutron scintillator even with only
> 10**4 n.cm-2.s-1. See the images Robert Zboray showed in Sydney from a very
> low flux Triga reactor, one of which I reproduced in my Munich talk.
>
>
>
> It would also be good to compare your fast neutron image with a thermal
> neutron image using the same detector and L/D (with different
> scintillators). With such small objects, that can be put close to the
> scintillator, it would be interesting to see if fast neutrons still have
> some advantage for imaging such defects.
>
>
>
> I also found Burkard's and Eberhard's comments about the best material and
> thickness for a fast neutron Siemens star interesting. It would be good to
> see images with these different resolution objects. I also printed a
> plastic Siemens star, but 40 mm thick, which I have not yet been able to
> test. A final trivial point; please don't use exponent e4 instead of 10**4
> for flux; e has a different meaning for mathematicians.
>
> Thanks again for sharing. Alan
>
> ______________________________________________________
> Dr Alan Hewat, NeutronOptics, Grenoble, FRANCE
> from my telephone
> <Alan.Hewat at NeutronOptics.com<mailto:Alan.Hewat at NeutronOptics.com>>
> +33.476.98.41.68
> http://www.NeutronOptics.com/hewat
> <https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=http%3a%2f%2fwww.NeutronOptics.com%2fhewat&c=E,1,trfayPibiE37z2ho-7D5TpNVA7TTpp4CAOi_NfafXtcFw-fUnzbSjE2ptPnJmF5-qQS9y7dPRHLSRqoAE2rdQFeZnqKjxaNGstiBHAH27FHyUe1fXfiVzZdaICQ,&typo=1>
> <
> https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=http%3a%2f%2fwww.NeutronOptics.com%2fhewat&c=E,1,nsRpj7Ep0HI2dnJQS9mLWP7NTTRFa_A1rnHdA_hwLcr1LAK7nQ2-Td0N6b_DO9Ja1638KxTpmGVeliGNkSNhx7t1hvZbcROb-wXGKiiSSd4b_OlHxdBS0EA,&typo=1
> >
> ______________________________________________________
>
>
>
> On Mon, 18 Nov 2019, 08:42 Burkhard Schillinger, <
> Burkhard.Schillinger at frm2.tum.de<mailto:Burkhard.Schillinger at frm2.tum.de>>
> wrote:
>
> Hello Michael,
>
> congratulations for these nice images!
> For a fast neutron image, that resolution is pretty good. Probably
> better than ours - which shows that a high collimation is also
> important for fast neutrons if you have large samples.
>
> I am also surprised again by your thermal image at L/D of only 35 -
> but that's what you get when you can put the samples up close to the
> detector.
>
>
> For an edge - about everything scatters fast neutrons, but I have
> tried with a 10 mm thick polyethylen pattern (Siemens Star) that was
> 3D printed at our lab. When putting it directly on the detector, it
> was a good measure to test the screen. The 1.5 mm thickness screen was
> much better than the 2.4 mm.
> Not sure what really happens if you take it further away - I assume
> that 10 mm thickness is a good compromise between attenuation and
> scattering blur. You might try 10 mm steel as well, but iron is also a
> diffuse scatterer.
> A perfect edge does not exist.
>
> Good luck with your new 'toys', and Happy Holidays!
>
> Burkhard
>
>
>
>
> > Good day to all,
> >
> > I am happy to announce that we've taken our first fast neutron
> > images at the Phoenix facility in Wisconsin, USA! Our source is
> > operational now with a source strength of approximately 1.5e12 n/s
> > and an L/D of 450 to achieve a flux at the image plane of
> > approximately 5e5 n/cm^2-s. Over the next few weeks, we will be
> > increasing our beam current and changing our target to a different
> > material. We expect to get to full power and have a source strength
> > of 3e13 n/s and a flux at the image plane of approximately 1e7
> > n/cm^2-s.
> >
> > The image attached was taken using a Varex XRD 1621 digital detector
> > array and a PP:ZnS(Cu) screen provided by RCTritec. The
> > scintillator field of view is 310mm x 310mm, but we plan to use the
> > full field of view of the detector eventually, which is 430mm x
> > 430mm. The image was taken last night and acquired with 15 frames
> > at 20 seconds each. The frames were then added and the offsets were
> > applied for background corrections. The sample is a simulated M982
> > military round. It is 155mm in diameter. The outside casing is
> > 1/8" steel and the inside simulant is an HMX equivalent, 6% 6656
> > binder (simulated with 204 epoxy). Chemically it is similar to HMX
> > and RDX but with much less nitrogen. I have outlined some of the
> > defects of interest that we want to see.
> >
> > We would like to measure the resolution of the system next so I
> > would like to ask if anyone has advice on what material to use as an
> > edge and how thick it should be? We do not yet have any kind of
> > standard measurement technique for this that I'm aware of, so I
> > would like to know what others are doing.
> >
> > I've also attached a new image we acquired using thermal neutrons of
> > several different military grade .50 caliber ammunition. We took an
> > X-ray image for comparison and that is shown as well. The X-ray was
> > done at 350kV but I don't recall the current. The neutron image was
> > acquired using our thermal neutron generator with heavy water
> > moderator, the L/D was 35 and the flux was approximately 1e4
> > n/cm^2-s. The exposure time on a neutron sensitive image plate was
> > 20 minutes.
> >
> > I hope everyone is well, it was great to meet so many of you in
> > Garching last month and I wish you all happy holidays as they
> > approach us soon.
> >
> > Best regards,
> > Michael
> >
> > Michael Taylor Ph.D.
> > Neutron Radiography Product Manager
> > Phoenix LLC
> > 2555 Industrial Drive
> > Madison, WI 53717
> > 608-515-3214
>
>
>
> --
> Dr. Burkhard Schillinger
> Technische Universit?t M?nchen - FRM II
> Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum
> Lichtenbergstr.1
> D-85748 Garching
> Germany
> Tel. +49 89 289-12185
>
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--
______________________________________________
* Dr Alan Hewat, NeutronOptics, Grenoble, FRANCE *
<Alan.Hewat at NeutronOptics.com> +33.476.98.41.68
http://www.NeutronOptics.com/hewat TVA FR 79499450856
______________________________________________
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